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<script type=text/javascript>var baseurl="https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en"</script><script type=text/javascript src=/ardour-tutorial/js/search.js?1648715932></script></div><section id=homelinks><ul><li><a class=padding href=/ardour-tutorial/en/><i class="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a></li></ul></section><div class=highlightable><ul class=topics><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/ title=Introduction class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/><b>1. </b>Introduction</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/ title=Conventions class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/>Conventions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/ title="What is digital audio?" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/>What is digital audio?</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/ title="Getting started" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/><b>2. </b>Getting started</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/ title="Starting Ardour" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/>Starting Ardour</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/ title="Overview of the Interface" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/>Overview of the Interface</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/ title="Editor window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/>Editor window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/ title="Mixer window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/>Mixer window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/ title="Recorder window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/>Recorder window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/ title="Cue window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/>Cue window</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/ title="Creating tracks and busses" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/>Creating tracks and busses</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/ title="Importing audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/>Importing audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/ title="Setting up the timeline" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/>Setting up the timeline</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/ title=Recording class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/><b>3. </b>Recording</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/ title="Recording audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/>Recording audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/ title="Understanding routing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/>Understanding routing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/ title="Routing between applications" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/>Routing between applications</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/ title="Editing sessions" class="dd-item
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parent"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/><b>4. </b>Editing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/ title="Non-destructive editing" class="dd-item active"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/>Non-destructive editing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/ title="Arranging tracks" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/>Arranging tracks</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-the-meter/ title="Setting up the meter" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-the-meter/>Setting up the meter</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/ title="Using ranges" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/>Using ranges</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/ title="Working with regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/>Working with regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/ title="Further region operations" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/>Further region operations</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/ title="Changing edit modes" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/>Changing edit modes</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/ title="Creating looped sections" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/>Creating looped sections</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/ title="Stretching & shrinking regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/>Stretching & shrinking regions</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/ title="Mixing sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/><b>5. </b>Mixing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/ title="The mixer strip" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/>The mixer strip</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/ title="Mixing levels" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/>Mixing levels</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/ title=Panning class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/>Panning</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/ title="Using plugins" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/>Using plugins</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/ title="Using sends" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/>Using sends</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/ title=Dynamics class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/>Dynamics</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/ title=Equalizing class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/>Equalizing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/ title="Using automation" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/>Using automation</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/ title="Exporting sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/><b>6. </b>Exporting sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/ title="Exporting regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/>Exporting regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/ title="Exporting a range" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/>Exporting a range</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/ title="Exporting a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/>Exporting a session</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/ title="Saving sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/><b>7. </b>Saving sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/ title="Saving a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/>Saving a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/ title="Saving a snapshot" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/>Saving a snapshot</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/ title="Saving a template" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/>Saving a template</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/ title=Appendices class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/><b>8. </b>Appendices</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/ title="Further help" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/>Further help</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/ title=Glossary class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/>Glossary</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/ title=Links class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/>Links</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/ title=Credits class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/>Credits</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/ title=License class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/>License</a></li></ul></li></ul><section id=shortcuts><h3>More</h3><ul><li><a class=padding href=https://github.com/prokoudine/ardour-tutorial><i class="fab fa-fw fa-github"></i> This tutorial on GitHub</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-home"></i> Ardour's homepage</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://manual.ardour.org><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bookmark"></i> User manual</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://discourse.ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-users"></i> Forum</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bullhorn"></i> Credits</a></li></ul></section><section 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<span class=links><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/>Home</a> > <a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/>Editing sessions</a> > Non-destructive editing</span></div><div class=progress><div class=wrapper><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#what-does-non-destructive-editing-actually-mean>What does non-destructive editing actually mean?</a></li><li><a href=#how-does-it-work-in-ardour>How does it work in Ardour?</a></li><li><a href=#differences-between-audio-and-midi-regions>Differences between audio and MIDI regions</a></li><li><a href=#where-does-ardour-store-source-material>Where does Ardour store source material?</a></li><li><a href=#does-ardour-ever-change-audio-data-on-disk>Does Ardour ever change audio data on disk?</a></li><li><a href=#continuing>Continuing</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div><div id=head-tags></div><div id=body-inner><h1>Non-destructive editing</h1><p>In the previous chapter we already discussed that Ardour operates on sessions
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that encompass all material you have: audio clips, MIDI clips, all effects
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applied to tracks and busses etc. Before we get to actual editing, let’s talk
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about basics of non-destructive editing, how it’s implemented in Ardour, and why
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it should give you peace of mind when you do some heavy editing.</p><h2 id=what-does-non-destructive-editing-actually-mean>What does non-destructive editing actually mean?</h2><p>In a nutshell, a non-destructive approach to editing means this: whatever you
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do, your source material always stays intact. Instead of writing to original
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files, a program would rather describe changes you applied, store them in a
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project file, and then “replay” them when loading that project.</p><h2 id=how-does-it-work-in-ardour>How does it work in Ardour?</h2><p>Here is a quick example. Let’s record a short audio clip, cut it in half and
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then drag the right half to the right creating a gap:</p><figure><img src=en/non-destructive-editing-cut-move-example.gif alt="Cutting and moving a audio region"></figure><p>Here is what actually happens here. Ardour creates a region that references the
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original audio file and uses all of its data, from the first to the last sample.</p><p>When you split the file in two, Ardour creates two regions, and they both
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reference the original file. But now the project file says: the left region
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starts at this point in time, begins with the first sample of the original file
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and stops at that sample in the middle, and the second region starts at a
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different point in time with that sample in the middle of the original file, and
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then it stops at the last sample of the original file.</p><p>You can cut an audio region into as many smaller clips as you like, move them
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around tracks, change their start/end points, stretch or contract them etc. The
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original audio file will never change on the disk.</p><p>When you save a project, all that information is preserved in the session file.
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When you reopen the session, Ardour reads all these references, loads original
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files and recreates all edited audio regions from original audio files. That’s
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what “replaying changes” really means.</p><p>If you don’t like the way you edited an original take and you are way too far
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into editing to undo the changes, you can start all over again without recording
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a new take. For that, you can open the right sidebar by pressing <strong>Shift+L</strong>, go
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to the <em>Sources</em> tab, grab the name of the original audio file of the take, drop
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it on any track and then move it around, cut etc.</p><figure><img src=en/non-destructive-editing-redo-all-over-again.gif alt="Redo the editing all over again"></figure><p>Moreover, any effects you apply to a track are also non-destructive. Ardour will
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apply them to original audio stream and play the result on-the-fly.</p><p>In case of MIDI clips played through a synthesizer, Ardour will use the
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synthesizer to render a stream of audio data while the playhead is rolling,
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capture that audio stream, apply effects to it, and then play the resulting
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audio stream as you go.</p><h2 id=differences-between-audio-and-midi-regions>Differences between audio and MIDI regions</h2><p>As you already know, audio files are always intact. But MIDI regions are
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different: you can actually edit their contents, and the changes are saved to
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MIDI files on the disk.</p><p>One case where this matters is when you want to combine multiple regions into
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one. You can do that with audio regions by selecting the ones you want to merge
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and them use <code>Region > Edit > Combine</code>. This will create a kind of a meta-region
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that references N audio files on the disk.</p><p>However you cannot do the same with MIDI regions primarily because they are
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editable on disk, and thus combining something that can physically change can
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wreak havoc on data continuity.</p><h2 id=where-does-ardour-store-source-material>Where does Ardour store source material?</h2><p>Consider this generic project. You have here several audio tracks representing
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drums, two audio tracks for bass and solo guitar, and a MIDI track for electric
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piano.</p><figure><img src=en/session-example.png alt="Session example"></figure><p>If you go to the session folder, you’ll find there a number of subfolders,
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including these two:</p><ul><li>‘interchange’, this is where source audio and MIDI files are stored;</li><li>‘plugins’, here Ardour saves the state of every instance of every plugin
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used in the project.</li></ul><p>When you record one instrument, every take you do is represented by one physical
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audio file per channel. So if you did three takes in a stereo track, you’ll have
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6 audio files.</p><h2 id=does-ardour-ever-change-audio-data-on-disk>Does Ardour ever change audio data on disk?</h2><p>The only time Ardour does anything to actual audio files on the disk is when you
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explicitely tell you to remove audio files that aren’t used anywhere in the
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project. Typically this is done when you did dozens of takes, you made your
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choice and you don’t want these files on the disk anymore because they take
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space.</p><p>Even then, you do it in two steps. First you go to <code>Session > Clean-up > Clean-up Unused Sources</code> to put unused original files into a trash bin, then you
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separately go to <code>Session > Clean-up > Flush Wastebasket</code> to actually tell
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Ardour to remove unused files physically.</p><h2 id=continuing>Continuing</h2><p>Now that you are familiar with basics of non-destructive editing, let’s do some
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