manual/include/tempo-ruler.html

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<p>
The Tempo ruler allows changing tempo within one session, either abruptly or
gradually over time. This is done by placing tempo markers on the ruler and
setting up how exactly the transition happens.
</p>
<p>
On the screenshot below, there are 4 bars of music at 120bpm starting at bar 27,
then the tempo changes abruptly to 140bpm and goes on for another 4 bars at that
tempo, then abruptly changes back to 120bpm and within the next 4 bars gradually
goes back to 140bpm, then continues at 140bpm until the end of the session.
</p>
<figure>
<img style="width:75%;" width="50%" src="/images/multiple-tempo-markers.png"
alt="Changes in tempo over time">
<figcaption>Changes in tempo over time</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Tempo ruler modes</h2>
<p>
The Tempo ruler has two modes: editing tempo and mapping tempo. The mode can
be selected in the <kbd class="menu">Edit &gt; Tempo</kbd> menu.
Additionally, users can select which one should be enabled by default
<kbd class="menu">Edit &gt; Preferences &gt; Metronome &gt; Default tempo
ruler state for new sessions</kbd>.
</p>
<p>
The Map Tempo mode is best suited for cases when there is a live recording
of an instrument or multiple instruments, with some tempo imperfections. So
before more instruments are added, e.g. MIDI-programmed drums, the tempo map
needs to be adjusted to match the actual performance. In this mode, MIDI data
is not adjusted for tempo map changes, so if the live recording contained
both audio and MIDI tracks, the notes will stay exactly where they are.
Additionally, tweaking tempo markers does not change the wall clock position
of other tempo markers.
</p>
<figure>
<img style="width:75%;" width="50%" src="/images/map-tempo-example.png"
alt="An example of mapping tempo to performance">
<figcaption>An example of mapping tempo to performance</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
The Change Tempo mode is better suited for cases when the musician either
starts a session from scratch and creates the tempo map at the beginning, or
when they do need the MIDI data to be adjusted for tempo map changes.
Tweaking tempo in a tempo marker in this mode also changes the wall clock
position of subsequent tempo markers.
</p>
<h2>Anatomy of tempo markers</h2>
<p>
When working with the tempo ruler in the Change Tempo mode, each tempo
marker exposes several editable properties:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
BPM at the start, sets a new tempo value.
</li>
<li>
BPM at the end <em>(only available for gradual transitions)</em>, defines
the tempo value at the end of a tempo ramp.
</li>
<li>
Tempo (transition) type, defines whether the tempo is the same (constant)
until the next tempo marker or whether it gradually changes (ramps up
or down) towards the next tempo.
</li>
<li>
Location of the tempo marker, defined in musical time.
</li>
<li>
Lock style, defines whether tempo is locked to musical time (bars and
beats) or real time (minutes and seconds).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In the Map Tempo mode, tempo markers also have these properties, but except
for the BPM at the start value, they are not exposed in the user interface.
</p>
<h2>Working with tempo markers in the Edit Tempo mode</h2>
<h3>Adding Tempo Markers</h3>
<p>
To add a tempo marker, hover a bar or a beat line, press <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>
and single-click. Newly created tempo marker will have the same tempo value
as the previous one.
</p>
<h2>Shifting tempo markers</h2>
<p>
To change the position of a tempo change, do one of the two things:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Click and drag a marker left or right. Ardour will increment the change
by one beat.
</li>
<li>
Double-click the marker or right-click it and choose
<kbd class="menu">Edit</kbd> to open the marker properties dialog, then
change the bar and the beat where tempo change should occur.
</li>
</ul>
<figure>
<img style="width:50%;" width="50%" src="/images/tempo-marker-change-location.png"
alt="Changing location of a tempo marker">
<figcaption>Changing location of a tempo marker</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3>Editing tempo value</h3>
<p>
The tempo start value can be changed directly on the timeline or using the
tempo marker properties dialog.
</p>
<p>
To change the tempo value directly on the timeline, hover the marker, press
<kbd>Ctrl</kbd>, and drag the marker left or right. The bpm start value will
change, and the grid will be adjusted accordingly.
</p>
<p>
Alternatively, double-click the marker or right-click it and choose
<kbd class="menu">Edit</kbd> to open the marker properties dialog, then
change the "Start beats per minute" value.
</p>
<p>
Additionally, you can set the new tempo by tapping it in one of the two ways:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
By repeatedly clicking the <kbd class="button">Tap tempo</kbd> button
in the dialog.
</li>
<li>
By selecting a connected MIDI keyboard and repeatedly pressing either
a piano key or a silicon pad.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In some cases, an existing tempo marker needs to get the same value as the
tempo marker before it, typically to start a ramp. To do that, right-click
the tempo marker that needs to change and select the
<kbd class="menu">Continue</kbd> menu item.
</p>
<h3>Constant vs ramped tempo</h3>
<p>
The tempo between two tempo markers with different bpm start value can stay
the same (constant) or change gradually (ramped).
</p>
<p>
When the tempo type is constant, the line between two markers stays
horizontal:
</p>
<figure>
<img style="width:75%;" width="75%" src="/images/tempo-type-constant.png"
alt="Constant tempo">
<figcaption>Constant tempo</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
When the tempo is ramped, the line between two markers is diagonal:
</p>
<figure>
<img style="width:75%;" width="75%" src="/images/tempo-type-ramped.png"
alt="Ramped tempo">
<figcaption>Ramped tempo</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>
The toggle between constant and ramped types is available in the tempo marker
properties menu and applies forward in the timeline. Alternatively, you can
right-click a tempo marker and select the <kbd class="menu">Ramp to Next</kbd>
menu item. The tempo change will become gradual.
</p>
<p>
To switch from the ramped type to teh constant type, either open the tempo
marker properties dialog and switch it, or right-click a tempo marker and
select the <kbd class="menu">Set Constant</kbd> menu item. The tempo will
change abruptly at the next tempo marker.
</p>
<h3>Removing Markers</h3>
<p>
To remove a tempo marker, either single-click it and press <kbd>Del</kbd>
or right-click it and select the <kbd class="menu">Remove</kbd> menu item.
</p>
<h3>Locking to music vs audio time</h3>
<p>
Audio-locked tempo markers stay in their frame position as their neighbor's
positions are altered. Their pulse (musical) position will change as their
neighbors move. Music-locked tempo markers move their frame position as their
neighbors are moved, but keep their pulse position (they will move as the
music is moved).
</p>
<h2>Working with tempo markers in the Map Tempo mode</h2>
<h3>Adding tempo markers</h3>
<p>
In the Map Tempo mode, new tempo markers are only created at bar lines. Hover
a bar line on the tempo ruler, this will change the mouse pointer. Then click
and drag to align the bar line with an onset. A new tempo marker will be
automatically created.
</p>
<figure>
<img style="width:50%;" width="50%" src="/images/map-tempo-bar-line.png"
alt="Ramping in Map Tempo mode">
<figcaption>Creating a tempo marker in Map Tempo mode</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3>Tweaking positions of markers</h3>
<p>
To tweak the position of a tempo marker, hover the bar line where it's
located, then click and drag it left or right.
</p>
<h3>Ramping between tempo markers</h3>
<p>
In some cases, tempo fluctuates gradually during the performance. To deal
with that, it's possible to set a tempo ramp. Create two markers, one where
tempo begins changing, and one where it starts changing. Then hover the
mouse pointer between bar lines and start dragging to the left or to the
right. Dragging to the left increases the tempo at the beginning and lowers
it towards the end. Dragging to the right increases the tempo towards the
end and lowers it towards the beginning.
</p>
<figure>
<img style="width:50%;" width="50%" src="/images/map-tempo-beat-line.png"
alt="Ramping in Map Tempo mode">
<figcaption>Ramping in Map Tempo mode</figcaption>
</figure>
<h2>Further Information</h2>
<p>
For more details on the workflow, plese refer to the
<a href="@@tempo-and-meter">Tempo and Time Signature</a> chapter.
</p>