Introduction

An engineer reading and using audio level meters compares to a musician reading or writing sheet-music. Just like there are virtuoso musicians who can't read a single note, there are great sound-engineers who just go by their ears and produce great mixes and masters without ever looking at a single meter.

Yet, if you want to work in or with the broadcast industry, it is usually unavoidable to use meters.

Audio level meters are very powerful tools that are useful in every part of the entire production chain:

• When tracking, meters are used to ensure that the input signal does not overload and maintains reasonable headroom.
• Meters offer a quick visual indication of a activity when working with a large number of tracks.
• During mixing, meters provide an rough estimate of the loudness of each track.
• At the mastering stage, meters are used to check compliance with upstream level and loudness standards and to optimize the loudness range for a given medium.

Meter Types

A general treatise on metering is beyond the scope of this manual. It is a complex subject with a history... For background information and further reading we recommend:

• How To Make Better Recordings in the 21st Century - An Integrated Approach to Metering, Monitoring, and Leveling Practices by Bob Katz. Has a good historic overview of meters and motivates the K-meter
• Wikipedia: Peak programme meter - overview of meter types.
• "Audio Metering: Measurements, Standards and Practice: Measurements, Standards and Practics", by Eddy Brixen. ISBN: 0240814673
• "Art of Digital Audio", by John Watkinson. ISBN: 0240515870

There are different metering standards, most of which are available in Ardour. In short:

Digital peak-meter

A Digital Peak Meter displays the absolute maximum signal of the raw audio PCM signal (for a given time). It is commonly used when tracking to make sure the recorded audio never clips. To that end, DPMs are always calibrated to 0 dBFS, or the maximum level that can be represented digitally in a given system. This value has no musical reason whatsoever and depends only on the properties of the signal chain or target medium. There are conventions for fall-off-time and peak-hold, but no exact specifications.

Various conventions for DPM fall-off times and dBFS line-up level can be chosen in Edit > Preferences > GUI.

RMS meters

An RMS-type meter is an averaging meter that looks at the energy in the signal. It provides a general indication of loudness as perceived by humans. Ardour features three RMS meters, all of which offer additonal peak indication.

• K20: A meter according to the K-system introduced by Bob Katz, scale aligned to -20 dBFS, rise/fall times and color schema according to spec.
• K14: Same as K20 with scale aligned to -14 dBFS.
• K12: Same as K20 with scale aligned to -12 dBFS (since 3.5.143).
• Peak + RMS: standard RMS, customizable via Edit > Preferences > GUI > Metering

IEC PPMs

IEC-type PPMs are a mix between DPMs and RMS meters, created mainly for the purpose of interoperability. Many national and institutional varieties exist (EBU, BBC, DIN).

These loudness and metering standards provide a common point of reference which is used by broadcasters in particular so that the interchange of material is uniform across their sphere of influence, regardless of the equipment used to play it back.

For home recording, there is no real need for this level of interoperability, and these meters are only strictly required when working in or with the broadcast industry. However, IEC-type meters have certain characteristics (rise-time, ballistics) that make them useful outside the context of broadcast.

Their specification is very exact, and consquently, there are no customizable parameters.

VU meters

VU meters are the dinosaurs (1939) amongst the meters. They react very slowly, averaging out peaks. Their specification is very strict (300ms rise-time, 1 - 1.5% overshoot, flat frequency response). Ardour's VU meter adheres to that spec, but for visual consistency it is displayed as a bar-graph rather than needle-style (more below).

Ardour Specifics

Meters are available in various places in ardour:

• The mixer window features fixed height meters for each channel strip.
• There are small (narrow) meters on each track-header in the editor window.
• There are variable height meters in the meterbridge window.
• Optionally, a fixed-size master meter can be displayed in the main toolbar.
• Various other locations (file import, sends) have level-meters.

They all share the same configuration and color-theme which is available in preferences and the theme-manager. Settings for the Peak and RMS+Peak meters as well as VU meter standards are found in Edit > Preferences > GUI > Metering.

The type of meter and the metering point (the place in the signal chain where the meter taps the signal) are configurable in the context menu of each meter. Depending on the Edit > Preferences > GUI > Mixer Strip settings, the metering point is also accessible via a button in each Mixer strip.

Regardless of meter type and standard the meter display will highlight red if the signal on the given channel exceeds the configured peak threshold.

Left on the peak-indicator button resets the peak-hold indicator of a single channel.
Left resets a whole group, and
Left resets all meters.

Overview of meter types

The figure on the left shows all available meter-types in Ardour 3.4 when fed with a -18 dBFS 1 kHz sine wave.

Due to layout concerns and consistent look&feel all meters available in Ardour itself are bar-graph type meters. Corresponding needle-style meters — which take up more visual screen space — are available as LV2 plugins (see image on the right): meters.lv2.