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67 lines
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<!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="height=device-height,width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1"><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.98.0"><meta name=generator content="Relearn 3.4.1+tip"><meta name=description content="Applying limiters, compressors, and a gate in Ardour"><title>Dynamics :: Ardour tutorial</title><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/nucleus.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/fontawesome-all.min.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/featherlight.min.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/perfect-scrollbar.min.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/auto-complete.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/theme.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/theme-blue.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet id=variant-style><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/variant.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/print.css?1652723066 rel=stylesheet media=print><style>:not(pre)>code.copy-to-clipboard-code+span.copy-to-clipboard-button{display:none}:not(pre)>code.copy-to-clipboard-code{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-top-right-radius:2px;border-right-width:1px}</style><script src=/ardour-tutorial/js/variant.js?1652723066></script>
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<span id=toc-menu title="Table of Contents"><i class="fas fa-list-alt fa-fw"></i></span><ol class=links itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList><meta itemprop=itemListOrder content="Descending"><li itemscope itemtype=https://schema.org/ListItem itemprop=itemListElement><meta itemprop=position content="3"><a itemprop=item href=/ardour-tutorial/en/><span itemprop=name>Home</span></a> ></li><li itemscope itemtype=https://schema.org/ListItem itemprop=itemListElement><meta itemprop=position content="2"><a itemprop=item href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/><span itemprop=name>Mixing sessions</span></a> ></li><li itemscope itemtype=https://schema.org/ListItem itemprop=itemListElement><meta itemprop=position content="1"><a itemprop=item href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/ aria-disabled=true><span itemprop=name>Dynamics</span></a></li></ol></div><div class="default-animation progress"><div class=wrapper><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#limiting>Limiting</a></li><li><a href=#compression>Compression</a></li><li><a href=#gating>Gating</a></li><li><a href=#continuing>Continuing</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></nav><main id=body-inner class=highlightable><div class=flex-block-wrapper><div id=head-tags></div><article><h1>Dynamics</h1><p>One of the problems you may encounter in a mix is that, depending on the
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material, the loud parts are too loud, and/or the quiet parts are too quiet.</p><p>This kind of problem cannot be easily solved using faders to adjust the levels
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alone. You may set the levels so high that they clip, or you may add unwanted
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background noise by simply turning levels up. These are all problems with what
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is called the <em>dynamic range</em>, i.e., the difference between the loudest and
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quietest parts of your session. There are several types of tools for adjusting
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the dynamic range available mostly as third-party plugins within Ardour,
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including <em>limiting</em>, <em>compression</em>, and <em>gating</em>.</p><h2 id=limiting>Limiting</h2><p>A <em>limiter</em> is a tool that prevents the volume of a track from going over a
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certain level, usually the peak level (0dB) or something close to it. Many
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limiters have the option to boost the levels of the incoming signal before they
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are limited, and in this way you can “close the gap” between the loudest and
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quietest parts of your mix. A limiter can be used on the <em>Master</em> bus to prevent
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the overall mix from clipping. Limiters are almost always used post-fader.</p><p>In the example below, a plugin named <em>Fast Lookahead Limiter</em> is used (if you
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don’t find that specific one among your installed plugins, look for any other
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called “Limiter”). To set how much it limits, simply adjust the <em>Limit (dB)</em>
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slider. The <em>Fast Lookahead Limiter</em> literally looks ahead in the signal by a
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few milliseconds, and when it sees that the signal is about to go over the limit
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you have set, it automatically turns the levels down.</p><figure><img src=en/ardour7-fast-lookahead-lmiter.png alt=limiter></figure><p>The <em>Input Gain (dB)</em> slider determines how much the levels are increased before
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they reach the limiter, and the <em>Attenuation (dB)</em> meter on the right-hand side
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shows how much the levels are being reduced at any given moment. While the
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reduction in volume is nearly-instantaneous, the <em>Release time (s)</em> slider
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determines how long it takes the limiter to return to 0dB of <em>Attenuation</em>.</p><p>Note that the “harder” one drives the limiter (by increasing the input gain
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and/or decreasing the maximum peak limit allowed), the more reduction the
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limiter is forced to make, and the more likely it is that artifacts of the
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processing will occur (such as distortions or erratic changes in volume). On
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the <em>Master</em> bus, it is generally best to avoid excessive limiting.</p><h2 id=compression>Compression</h2><p>A <em>compressor</em> boosts the overall volume of a sound, but then “squeezes” it
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depending on how loud it is. This can make vocals sound more even or drums
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sound fuller and louder. The end effect is similar to how a limiter can reduce
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the range between the quietest and the loudest sound, however the effect is
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more selective when using a compressor.</p><p>A typical compressor will have these obligatory controls:</p><dl><dt><strong>Threshold</strong></dt><dd>Sets the level at which the compressor will start to act.</dd><dt><strong>Ratio</strong></dt><dd>Controls how much the compressor will “squeeze” the sound.</dd><dt><strong>Attack</strong> and <strong>Release</strong></dt><dd>Control how quickly the compressor affects the sound.</dd></dl><figure><img src=en/ardour7-ace-compressor.png alt="ACE Compressor"></figure><p>The <em>ACE Compressor</em> plugin on the screenshot above has two additional controls:</p><dl><dt><strong>Threshold level</strong> (in dB)</dt><dd>Sets the level at which the compressor will compress or squeeze the sound.</dd><dt><strong>Makeup gain</strong> (in dB)</dt><dd>Boosts the whole signal after the compression occurs.</dd></dl><p>To soften out a vocal, for example, you could set <em>Threshold level</em> of −10dB or
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so and a <em>Ratio</em> of 2.5, and then bring the volume back up with the <em>Makeup
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gain</em>. The other three controls — <em>Attack time</em>, <em>Release time</em>, and <em>Knee</em> —
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allow you to control the shape of the compression.</p><p>For soft vocal compression, you would want a semi-fast attack time so that the
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compressor catches the beginning of each word, a slower release time to let the
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voice ring out, and a soft knee radius to create a gentle form of compression
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that isn’t too noticeable.</p><p>If you want to make drums sound big, you might try a slow attack time so that
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you don’t compress the pop of the drum, a fast release time so that the
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compressor can catch the next hit of the drum, and a large ratio to make the
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dynamics between the beginning and end of the drum hit similar.</p><p>Below is a screenshot of a similar compressor from the <a href=https://lsp-plug.in/>LSP plugins
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suite</a>:</p><figure><img src=en/ardour7-lsp-compressor-mono.png alt="LSP Compressor Mono"></figure><p>If you want to speed up learning how to use a compressor, a generally good idea
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is to insert one scope visualization plugin before the compressor and one right
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after, then open both</p><h2 id=gating>Gating</h2><p>The simplest kind of a <em>gate</em> allows a signal to pass through when it is over a
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certain level, and blocks the signal when it is lower than that.</p><p>Gates are often used as a kind of noise reduction. For example, the gate on a
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microphone channel might only open while the singer is singing, preventing other
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background noises from coming through as well when she is not singing. Gated
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drums are also a very well-known studio production trick to make them sound
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“sharper”.</p><p>Here, the <em>Hard Gate</em> plugin (from a suite of LADSPA plugins called
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<a href=https://www.ladspa.org/cmt/overview.html>CMT</a>) displays a single control
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parameter, the <em>Threshold</em> at which the gate will open and let the signal
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through.</p><figure><img src=en/ardour7-hard-gate.png alt="Hard Gate"></figure><p>Other kinds of gates, such as the <em>LSP Gate</em> plugin on the screenshot below, are
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more complex. They have independent control over how quickly the gate opens
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(<em>Attack</em>) and closes (<em>Release</em>), as well as other parameters quite similar to
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those described for the SC Compressor above.</p><figure><img src=en/ardour7-lsp-gate-mono.png alt="LSP Gate"></figure><h2 id=continuing>Continuing</h2><p>Now that we’ve explored some tools for getting the dynamic range exactly where
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you want it, it’s time to look at adjusting the balance of frequencies present
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in each individual track and in your overall mix. In the next chapter, we’ll
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learn how to use the equalizer to do just that.</p><p>Next: <a href=../equalizing>EQUALIZING</a></p><footer class=footline></footer></article></div></main></div><aside id=sidebar class=default-animation><div id=header-wrapper class=default-animation><div id=header class=default-animation><a id=logo href=/><svg id="Layer_1" width="92" height="80" viewBox="0 0 92 80" enable-background="new 0 0 92 80" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs id="defs6"/><path id="path6984" fill="#c61f40" d="M45.586.44-.082 79.558c3.356.0 2.828-2.382 4.417-2.382 1.681.004 1.367 1.19 2.951 1.19.814.0 1.467-.806 1.466-2.804.0-2.664.661-4.017 1.476-4.017s1.476 1.187 1.476 2.372c0 1.492.662 2.678 1.476 2.678.814.0 1.477-2.019 1.477-4.512l-.01-2.857c0-3.447.661-6.24 1.476-6.24s1.477 1.207 1.476 5.112c0 3.104.662 6.198 1.476 6.198s1.478-3.602 1.477-9.382c0-6.68.65-10.996 1.465-10.996s1.477 4.32 1.476 8.582c0 4.977.662 9.878 1.477 9.878s1.477-4.902 1.476-11.701c0-7.302.651-12.609 1.466-12.609.813.0 1.477 5.308 1.476 11.406.0 6.4.661 11.955 1.476 11.955s1.476-5.551 1.476-12.661c0-7.109.651-12.766 1.466-12.766s1.476 5.656 1.476 12.649c0 6.994.662 12.641 1.476 12.641s1.477-5.65 1.477-12.397c0-6.602.65-12.135 1.465-12.135s1.476 5.53 1.476 12.746c0 6.952.663 12.271 1.477 12.271.813.0 1.477-5.318 1.476-11.332.0-5.651.651-10.669 1.465-10.669s1.478 5.027 1.477 11.882c0 6.413.661 11.068 1.476 11.068s1.477-4.657 1.476-9.667c0-4.514.651-8.781 1.466-8.781s1.477 4.265 1.476 10.32c0 5.522.662 9.351 1.476 9.351s1.477-3.825 1.477-7.727c0-3.353.65-6.737 1.465-6.737s1.476 3.382 1.476 8.382c0 4.449.662 7.389 1.477 7.389s1.476-2.586 1.476-5.407c0-2.911.662-5.145 1.476-5.145s1.466 2.501 1.466 6.356c0 3.345.661 5.439 1.476 5.439s1.476-1.732 1.476-3.479c0-1.801.662-3.563 1.477-3.563.813.0 1.465 1.703 1.465 4.459.0 2.317.662 3.668 1.477 3.668s1.477-.941 1.477-2.034c0-1.438.661-2.098 1.476-2.098s1.466.987 1.466 2.814c0 1.44.661 2.192 1.476 2.192 1.539.0 1.331-1.917 2.951-1.929 1.773.0 1.253 2.571 2.941 2.571 1.217.0 2.159-.469 2.952-.474 1.316.0 1.408.928 4.416.928L45.588.44H45.586z" style="fill:#000"/></svg></a></div><div class="searchbox default-animation"><label for=search-by><i class="fas fa-search"></i></label>
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<script src=/ardour-tutorial/js/search.js?1652723066></script></div><div id=homelinks class=default-animation><ul><li><a class=padding href=/ardour-tutorial/en/><i class="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a></li></ul></div><div id=content-wrapper class=highlightable><ul class=topics><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/ title=Introduction class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-9278c07c1c4f7473c66529d5a0c6e688 class=toggle><label for=section-9278c07c1c4f7473c66529d5a0c6e688></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/><b>1. </b>Introduction</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/ title=Conventions class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/>Conventions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/ title="What is digital audio?" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/>What is digital audio?</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/ title="Getting started" class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-6ba418844f4e8ce868bfa62d1bf5b9b1 class=toggle><label for=section-6ba418844f4e8ce868bfa62d1bf5b9b1></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/><b>2. </b>Getting started</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour/ title="Starting Ardour" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour/>Starting Ardour</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/ title="Overview of the Interface" class="dd-item alwaysopen"><input type=checkbox id=section-65fa48091b8ede8e5c409cc42ad6af14 class=toggle checked><label for=section-65fa48091b8ede8e5c409cc42ad6af14></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/>Overview of the Interface</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/ title="Editor window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/>Editor window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/ title="Mixer window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/>Mixer window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/ title="Recorder window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/>Recorder window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/ title="Cue window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/>Cue window</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/ title="Creating tracks and busses" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/>Creating tracks and busses</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/ title="Importing audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/>Importing audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/ title="Setting up the timeline" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/>Setting up the timeline</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/ title=Recording class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-f34c0a5099ecaf52ba2ddf859ecf8564 class=toggle><label for=section-f34c0a5099ecaf52ba2ddf859ecf8564></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/><b>3. </b>Recording</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/ title="Recording audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/>Recording audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/ title="Understanding routing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/>Understanding routing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/ title="Routing between applications" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/>Routing between applications</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/ title="Editing sessions" class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-ed31f397ca2ca87485e243bb5343239e class=toggle><label for=section-ed31f397ca2ca87485e243bb5343239e></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/><b>4. </b>Editing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/ title="Non-destructive editing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/>Non-destructive editing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/ title="Arranging tracks" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/>Arranging tracks</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-time-signature/ title="Setting up time signature" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-time-signature/>Setting up time signature</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/ title="Using ranges" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/>Using ranges</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/ title="Working with regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/>Working with regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/ title="Further region operations" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/>Further region operations</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/ title="Changing edit modes" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/>Changing edit modes</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/ title="Creating looped sections" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/>Creating looped sections</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/ title="Stretching & shrinking regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/>Stretching & shrinking regions</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/ title="Mixing sessions" class="dd-item parent"><input type=checkbox id=section-f5608541dea6efa7d91368337a358262 class=toggle checked><label for=section-f5608541dea6efa7d91368337a358262></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/><b>5. </b>Mixing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/ title="The mixer strip" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/>The mixer strip</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/ title="Mixing levels" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/>Mixing levels</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/ title=Panning class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/>Panning</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/ title="Using plugins" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/>Using plugins</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/ title="Using sends" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/>Using sends</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/ title=Dynamics class="dd-item active"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/>Dynamics</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/ title=Equalizing class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/>Equalizing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/ title="Using automation" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/>Using automation</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/ title="Exporting sessions" class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-c6dda4aa466f7b17965f60dcf070743f class=toggle><label for=section-c6dda4aa466f7b17965f60dcf070743f></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/><b>6. </b>Exporting sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/ title="Exporting a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/>Exporting a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/ title="Exporting a region" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/>Exporting a region</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/ title="Exporting a range" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/>Exporting a range</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/ title="Saving sessions" class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-46ec353b4160a03c88cfa742af14194f class=toggle><label for=section-46ec353b4160a03c88cfa742af14194f></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/><b>7. </b>Saving sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/ title="Saving a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/>Saving a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/ title="Saving a snapshot" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/>Saving a snapshot</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/ title="Saving a template" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/>Saving a template</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/ title=Appendices class=dd-item><input type=checkbox id=section-6750f124334d31e698d6ee9da14e5d03 class=toggle><label for=section-6750f124334d31e698d6ee9da14e5d03></label><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/><b>8. </b>Appendices</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/ title="Further help" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/>Further help</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/ title=Glossary class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/>Glossary</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/ title=Credits class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/>Credits</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/ title=License class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/>License</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/how-to-contribute/ title="How to contribute" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/how-to-contribute/>How to contribute</a></li></ul></li></ul><div id=shortcuts><div class=nav-title>More</div><ul><li><a class=padding href=https://github.com/prokoudine/ardour-tutorial><i class="fab fa-fw fa-github"></i> This tutorial on GitHub</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw 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