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<script type=text/javascript>var baseurl="https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en"</script><script type=text/javascript src=/ardour-tutorial/js/search.js?1650496332></script></div><section id=homelinks><ul><li><a class=padding href=/ardour-tutorial/en/><i class="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a></li></ul></section><div class=highlightable><ul class=topics><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/ title=Introduction class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/><b>1. </b>Introduction</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/ title=Conventions class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/>Conventions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/ title="What is digital audio?" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/>What is digital audio?</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/ title="Getting started" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/><b>2. </b>Getting started</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/ title="Starting Ardour" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/>Starting Ardour</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/ title="Overview of the Interface" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/>Overview of the Interface</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/ title="Editor window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/>Editor window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/ title="Mixer window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/>Mixer window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/ title="Recorder window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/>Recorder window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/ title="Cue window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/>Cue window</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/ title="Creating tracks and busses" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/>Creating tracks and busses</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/ title="Importing audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/>Importing audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/ title="Setting up the timeline" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/>Setting up the timeline</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/ title=Recording class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/><b>3. </b>Recording</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/ title="Recording audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/>Recording audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/ title="Understanding routing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/>Understanding routing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/ title="Routing between applications" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/>Routing between applications</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/ title="Editing sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/><b>4. </b>Editing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/ title="Non-destructive editing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/>Non-destructive editing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/ title="Arranging tracks" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/>Arranging tracks</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-time-signature/ title="Setting up time signature" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-time-signature/>Setting up time signature</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/ title="Using ranges" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/>Using ranges</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/ title="Working with regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/>Working with regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/ title="Further region operations" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/>Further region operations</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/ title="Changing edit modes" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/>Changing edit modes</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/ title="Creating looped sections" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/>Creating looped sections</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/ title="Stretching & shrinking regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/>Stretching & shrinking regions</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/ title="Mixing sessions" class="dd-item
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parent"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/><b>5. </b>Mixing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/ title="The mixer strip" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/>The mixer strip</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/ title="Mixing levels" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/>Mixing levels</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/ title=Panning class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/>Panning</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/ title="Using plugins" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/>Using plugins</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/ title="Using sends" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/>Using sends</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/ title=Dynamics class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/>Dynamics</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/ title=Equalizing class="dd-item active"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/>Equalizing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/ title="Using automation" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/>Using automation</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/ title="Exporting sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/><b>6. </b>Exporting sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/ title="Exporting sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/>Exporting sessions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/ title="Exporting regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/>Exporting regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/ title="Exporting ranges" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/>Exporting ranges</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/ title="Saving sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/><b>7. </b>Saving sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/ title="Saving a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/>Saving a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/ title="Saving a snapshot" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/>Saving a snapshot</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/ title="Saving a template" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/>Saving a template</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/ title=Appendices class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/><b>8. </b>Appendices</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/ title="Further help" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/>Further help</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/ title=Glossary class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/>Glossary</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/ title=Links class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/>Links</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/ title=Credits class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/>Credits</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/ title=License class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/>License</a></li></ul></li></ul><section id=shortcuts><h3>More</h3><ul><li><a class=padding href=https://github.com/prokoudine/ardour-tutorial><i class="fab fa-fw fa-github"></i> This tutorial on GitHub</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-home"></i> Ardour's homepage</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://manual.ardour.org><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bookmark"></i> User manual</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://discourse.ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-users"></i> Forum</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bullhorn"></i> Credits</a></li></ul></section><section id=prefooter><hr><ul><li><a class=padding><i class="fas fa-language fa-fw"></i><div class=select-style><select id=select-language onchange="location=this.value"><option 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<span id=toc-menu><i class="fas fa-list-alt"></i></span>
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<span class=links><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/>Home</a> > <a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/>Mixing sessions</a> > Equalizing</span></div><div class=progress><div class=wrapper><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#3-band-equalizer>3-Band Equalizer</a></li><li><a href=#multi-band-or-graphic-equalizer>Multi-Band (or Graphic) Equalizer</a></li><li><a href=#parametric-equalizer>Parametric Equalizer</a><ul><li></li></ul></li><li><a href=#an-example-of-using-an-equalizer>An Example of Using an Equalizer</a></li><li><a href=#continuing>Continuing</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div><div id=head-tags></div><div id=body-inner><h1>Equalizing</h1><p>An <em>equalizer</em> (or <em>EQ</em>) allows you to separately control the gain of different
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frequency ranges of a sound.</p><p>This can be useful not only to sculpt the timbre of an isolated sound (for
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example, to make it sound “sharper” or “smoother”), but also to make sounds of
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various timbres to integrate better into the mix.</p><p>Often, even after adjusting levels and panning, different tracks with similar
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frequency content (for example, a bass guitar and a kick drum) may be
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difficult to tell apart in the mix. An equalizer is a good tool to address
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this.</p><h2 id=3-band-equalizer>3-Band Equalizer</h2><p>The simplest kind of equalizer is the one familiar to us from analog mixers. It
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has three parameters, which adjust the levels of three <em>bands</em>, or frequency
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ranges: one for the <em>bass</em> (low frequencies), one for the <em>middle</em> range
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frequencies, and one for the <em>treble</em> (high frequencies). The <em>DJ EQ</em> plugin on
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the screenshot below is just such an EQ. If you don’t have this particular
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plugin on your computer, explore the ones you have that have “EQ” in the name;
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you will likely find something similar.</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-dj-eq.png alt="DJ EQ"></p><h2 id=multi-band-or-graphic-equalizer>Multi-Band (or Graphic) Equalizer</h2><p>A more complex <em>multi-band</em> (or <em>graphic</em>) equalizer often has a lot more bands.
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Each band is centered on a frequency, and the level of each band can be
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independently adjusted. In some multi-band EQs, such as the <em>LSP Graphic
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Equalizer</em> plugin shown below, the center frequency of each band can be defined
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by the user. This allows you to either attenuate (or remove) an unwanted
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frequency, or to reinforce (boost) a desired one.</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-lsp-graphic-16-band-eq.png alt="tap eq"></p><p>The overall “curve” of the bands can also be used to determine the general tone
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of your track or mix. In the example above, the lower part of the mid-range
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frequencies have been “scooped out” a bit (note how bands 1,2 and 15,16 are left
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untouched at 0 dB, while intermediary bands 3 through 14 draw an attenuation
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curve, with band 7 at -13.5 dB as the lowest point).</p><h2 id=parametric-equalizer>Parametric Equalizer</h2><p>The <em>parametric equalizer</em> is the most versatile type of EQ used for mixing
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because of its extensive control over all types of EQ parameters. Ardour ships
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with a parametric equalizer plug-in called the <em>ACE EQ</em>. It looks like this:</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-ace-eq.png alt=a-eq></p><p>Others may have shinier graphical interfaces like the <em>x42 EQ</em> by Robin Gareus,
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but they all essentially do the exact same thing. You may have EQ plugins on
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your computer that look a bit different than these screenshots, but the
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parameters you can control are likely very similar.</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-x42-eq.png alt="x42 eq"></p><p>In both screenshots above (<em>a-EQ</em> and <em>x42 EQ</em>), there are options you can
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adjust for each frequency band. Each of the three bands has a <em>level</em> (dB)
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adjustment to cut or boost frequencies, a <em>frequency</em> (Hz) adjustment to select
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center frequency, and a some form of <em>Q</em> adjustment which determines how wide
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the range of frequencies to be affected will be.</p><h4 id=high-shelf-low-shelf>High Shelf, Low Shelf</h4><p>Both plugins shown above (<em>a-EQ</em> and <em>x42 EQ</em>) also contain a <em>high shelf</em> and
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<em>low shelf</em>. A <em>shelf</em> cuts or boosts everything above (high shelf) or below
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(low shelf) a specific frequency. For example, a low shelf can be used to remove
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unwanted rumbling sounds, and a high shelf can be used to reduce hiss. The
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frequency control of a shelf determines the cut-off frequency. for example,
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a low shelf with cut off frequency 200 Hz means that the equalizer will
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attenuate everything below that frequency. The amount of attenuation is
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controlled by the level knob.</p><p>Note that for ACE EQ, there’s no <em>Q</em> parameter for either the high shelf or the
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low shelf, but <em>x42 EQ</em> has it.</p><h2 id=an-example-of-using-an-equalizer>An Example of Using an Equalizer</h2><p>In order to achieve a better separation of two instruments in the mix through
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the use of EQ, you first need to find out where the two instruments overlap.</p><p>Here’s one approach.</p><ol><li><p>Using <em>ACE EQ</em> or any equivalent EQ plugin, select an appropriate band for
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one of the instruments. In the case of a bass guitar, it would be a low
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frequency band (start at, say, 100 Hz).</p></li><li><p>Boost the gain to 10dB, change the <em>Q</em> (also called “bandwidth”) so that is
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a narrower range, and then adjust the frequency upwards and downwards slowly.
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You’ll hear a pitch move up and down.</p></li><li><p>Bring it down slowly until you hear the frequency range where the two
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instruments overlap. Now simply reduce the gain to -5dB, and you will hopefully
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hear the instruments a bit clearer. Next, apply the same process to the other
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instrument.</p></li></ol><p>There are many approaches to EQ. Hopefully this will provide one example of
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how to begin EQ’ing tracks in your mix. But most importantly, when it comes to
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EQ, it is better to use too little than too much, unless you’re intentionally
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using extreme EQ as a compositional parameter.</p><h2 id=continuing>Continuing</h2><p>You should have enough tools now to create a clean, well-balanced stereo mix of
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your session. However, if you want the parameters of your faders, panning or
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plugins to change over time, then you will want to explore the next chapter on
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