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<script type=text/javascript>var baseurl="https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en"</script><script type=text/javascript src=/ardour-tutorial/js/search.js?1650309271></script></div><section id=homelinks><ul><li><a class=padding href=/ardour-tutorial/en/><i class="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a></li></ul></section><div class=highlightable><ul class=topics><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/ title=Introduction class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/><b>1. </b>Introduction</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/ title=Conventions class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/>Conventions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/ title="What is digital audio?" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/>What is digital audio?</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/ title="Getting started" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/><b>2. </b>Getting started</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/ title="Starting Ardour" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/>Starting Ardour</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/ title="Overview of the Interface" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/>Overview of the Interface</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/ title="Editor window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/editor-window/>Editor window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/ title="Mixer window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/mixer-window/>Mixer window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/ title="Recorder window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/recorder-window/>Recorder window</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/ title="Cue window" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/cue-window/>Cue window</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/ title="Creating tracks and busses" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/creating-tracks-and-busses/>Creating tracks and busses</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/ title="Importing audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/importing-audio/>Importing audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/ title="Setting up the timeline" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/setting-up-the-timeline/>Setting up the timeline</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/ title=Recording class="dd-item
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parent"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/><b>3. </b>Recording</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/ title="Recording audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/recording-audio/>Recording audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/ title="Understanding routing" class="dd-item active"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/understanding-routing/>Understanding routing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/ title="Routing between applications" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/routing-between-applications/>Routing between applications</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/ title="Editing sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/><b>4. </b>Editing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/ title="Non-destructive editing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/non-destructive-editing/>Non-destructive editing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/ title="Arranging tracks" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/>Arranging tracks</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-time-signature/ title="Setting up time signature" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-time-signature/>Setting up time signature</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/ title="Using ranges" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/>Using ranges</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/ title="Working with regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/>Working with regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/ title="Further region operations" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/>Further region operations</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/ title="Changing edit modes" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/>Changing edit modes</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/ title="Creating looped sections" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/>Creating looped sections</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/ title="Stretching & shrinking regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/>Stretching & shrinking regions</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/ title="Mixing sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/><b>5. </b>Mixing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/ title="The mixer strip" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/>The mixer strip</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/ title="Mixing levels" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/>Mixing levels</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/ title=Panning class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/>Panning</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/ title="Using plugins" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/>Using plugins</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/ title="Using sends" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/>Using sends</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/ title=Dynamics class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/>Dynamics</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/ title=Equalizing class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/>Equalizing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/ title="Using automation" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/>Using automation</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/ title="Exporting sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/><b>6. </b>Exporting sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/ title="Exporting a range" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/>Exporting a range</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/ title="Exporting a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/>Exporting a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/ title="Exporting regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/>Exporting regions</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/ title="Saving sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/><b>7. </b>Saving sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/ title="Saving a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/>Saving a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/ title="Saving a snapshot" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/>Saving a snapshot</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/ title="Saving a template" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/>Saving a template</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/ title=Appendices class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/><b>8. </b>Appendices</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/ title="Further help" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/>Further help</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/ title=Glossary class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/>Glossary</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/ title=Links class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/>Links</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/ title=Credits class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/>Credits</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/ title=License class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/>License</a></li></ul></li></ul><section id=shortcuts><h3>More</h3><ul><li><a class=padding href=https://github.com/prokoudine/ardour-tutorial><i class="fab fa-fw fa-github"></i> This tutorial on GitHub</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-home"></i> Ardour's homepage</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://manual.ardour.org><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bookmark"></i> User manual</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://discourse.ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-users"></i> Forum</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bullhorn"></i> Credits</a></li></ul></section><section id=prefooter><hr><ul><li><a class=padding><i class="fas fa-language fa-fw"></i><div class=select-style><select id=select-language onchange="location=this.value"><option 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<span class=links><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/>Home</a> > <a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/recording-audio/>Recording</a> > Understanding routing</span></div><div class=progress><div class=wrapper><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#routing-in-ardour>Routing in Ardour</a></li><li><a href=#how-to-connect-and-disconnect>How to connect and disconnect?</a></li><li><a href=#practical-example-of-routing-to-a-bus>Practical example of routing to a bus</a></li><li><a href=#track--or-bus-specific-views-of-the-patchbay>Track- or Bus-specific views of the Patchbay</a></li><li><a href=#all-ardour-connections-are-jack-connections>All Ardour connections are JACK connections</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#continuing>Continuing</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div><div id=head-tags></div><div id=body-inner><h1>Understanding routing</h1><p>Routing an audio signal is sending it from somewhere to somewhere else.</p><p>In addition to getting audio signals to and from Ardour, routing plays an
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important part inside Ardour itself. Examples of using routing inside Ardour
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include routing audio from tracks to the <em>Master</em> bus or to other busses,
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creating ‘sends’, routing the outputs from busses to the <em>Master</em> bus, etc. (see
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chapter on <strong>Creating a Track</strong> for an explanation of tracks and busses). All
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routing, both internal and external to Ardour, is handled by JACK.</p><h3 id=routing-in-ardour>Routing in Ardour</h3><p>The standard routing of inputs, tracks and busses in Ardour is determined when
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a new session is created in the <em>Advanced Options</em> of the <em>New Session</em> dialog
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box (see the <a href=../../getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/>Starting Ardour</a>
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page). By default, the routing is as follows:</p><ul><li>The audio device inputs are routed to the track inputs.</li><li>All outputs from tracks and busses are routed to the master bus inputs.</li><li>The <em>Master</em> bus outputs are routed to the audio device outputs.</li></ul><p>Note that when a new bus is created, nothing is routed to its input.</p><p>This routing setup makes sense for sessions containing only tracks, but to make
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use of any busses (other than the <em>Master</em> bus) or to get creative with the
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paths of the audio signals inside Ardour, we need to be able to change the
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routing.</p><p>The <em>Audio Connection Manager</em> window (also known as the patchbay) is the main
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way to make connections to, from ,and within Ardour’s mixer. You can open this
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window with the shortcut <strong>Alt + P</strong>, or through the
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<code>Window > Audio Connections</code> menu.</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-audio-connections-in-menu.png alt="Audio Connection Manager"> </p><p>The patchbay presents two groups of ports; one set of sources, and one of
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destinations. Sources and destinations are organized by tabs. The available
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sources are displayed vertically on the left side, and the destinations are
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displayed horizontally at the bottom.</p><p>In the screenshot below, notice that the <em>Hardware</em> tab is selected on the top
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left (that’s a source), and the <em><em>Ardour Tracks</em></em> is selected as a destination
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in the bottom. This means that the matrix you see displays connections from
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available hardware sound sources (for example, a microphone), into existing
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Ardour tracks. </p><p><img src=en/ardour7-audio-connection-manager-1.png alt="ACM 1"> </p><p>The green dots represent a connection. The screenshot above tells us that
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incoming sounds from <em>capture_1</em> (the first input source of your soundcard, or
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the built-in microphone of your laptop) are going into Ardour track named <em>Audio
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1</em>, and also that incoming sounds from <em>capture_2</em> are going into input of
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Ardour track named <em>Audio 2</em>.</p><p>Notice we can see that <em>Audio 1</em> is a Mono track because it only has one
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connection slot, while track <em>Audio 2</em> is Stereo since it has two slots (Left
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and Right).</p><p>The next screenshot shows the signal path from <em>Ardour Tracks</em> (selected
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vertical tab) into Ardour busses (selected horizontal tab). As mentioned
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earlier, the default setting for all <em>Ardour Tracks</em> is that their sound goes to
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the <em>Master</em> bus.</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-audio-connection-manager-2.png alt="ACM 2"></p><p>Note: remember that <em>Audio 1</em> is a Mono track? We saw it in the earlier
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screenshot that <em>Audio 1</em> only has one input slot. But now on the screenshot
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above you see that “Audio 1” has two outputs (Left and Right). This is normal:
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we define whether a track is Mono or Stereo by its <em>number of inputs</em>, not
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outputs. Mono tracks will hold a single channel of audio, but you can still
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choose to place the sound on the left or the right speaker (or anywhere in
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between). More on this in the chapter <strong>Panning</strong>.</p><p>Finally, let’s explore a couple more tabs in the <em>Audio Connection Manager</em> to
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see the sound going from the <em>Master</em> bus to the actual hardware outputs (your
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loudspeakers or headphones):</p><figure><img src=en/ardour7-audio-connection-manager-3.png alt=ACM3></figure><p>As you can see, the selected source tab is now <em>Ardour Busses</em>, and the
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destination tab is <em>Hardware</em>. This session happens to have only one bus, the
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default “master out”. The green dots show that all sounds coming out of the
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<em>Master</em> bus are going to system playback 1 and 2, which are the outputs of your
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soundcard.</p><h3 id=how-to-connect-and-disconnect>How to connect and disconnect?</h3><p>To make a connection, click on the desired empty square in the matrix; a green
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dot will appear to indicate the connection is made.</p><p>To undo a connection, simply click on an existing green dot and it will
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disappear.</p><p>There is a neat trick you can use when you need to map many mono/stereo outputs
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to many mono/stereo inputs: rather than making many single clicks, draw a
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connection line. Here is how you do it:</p><figure><img src=en/ardour7-drawing-connection-lines.gif alt="Drawing connection lines"></figure><h3 id=practical-example-of-routing-to-a-bus>Practical example of routing to a bus</h3><p>In the following example session, there are two guitar tracks and one
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unused bus called <em>Guitar</em> bus, all Stereo.</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-audio-connection-manager-4.png alt="ACM 4"> </p><p>Suppose you want to send the output from the two guitar tracks to the <em>Guitar</em>
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bus instead of the <em>Master</em> bus. This can be useful to control the volume of
|
||
both guitars with just one fader (in this case the <em>Guitar</em> bus fader) or
|
||
placing two instruments into the same virtual room by using a reverb plugin on
|
||
the bus. Then the output of the <em>Guitar</em> bus, which is the sum of the two
|
||
guitars, goes directly to the <em>Master</em> bus.</p><p>Here is how to edit the patchbay to get the desired routing. Select <em>Ardour
|
||
Tracks</em> tab from <em>Sources</em> (vertical tabs), and <em>Ardour Busses</em> from
|
||
destinations (horizontal bottom tabs). Undo existing connections from both
|
||
tracks to <em>Master</em>. Then create connections from both tracks to <em>Guitar</em> bus.
|
||
The final result would look like this:</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-audio-connection-manager-5.png alt="ACM 5"> </p><p>Now both guitar tracks are routed to the <em>Guitar</em> bus, and no longer directly
|
||
connected to the <em>Master</em> bus. We then make sure that the <em>Guitar</em> bus is, by
|
||
its turn, routed to the <em>Master</em> bus (the output routing of a bus is edited in
|
||
the same way as for a track), so that we can still hear the sound from both
|
||
guitar tracks. Now we can control the volume of both guitar tracks together by
|
||
changing the fader of the <em>Guitar</em> bus. What’s more, we can now add plugins to
|
||
the Guitar Bus to process the sound of both guitar Tracks together.</p><h3 id=track--or-bus-specific-views-of-the-patchbay>Track- or Bus-specific views of the Patchbay</h3><p>The <em>Audio Connection Manager</em> (Patchbay) that you open with <strong>Alt + P</strong> shows
|
||
you the complete matrix of every single source and every single destination
|
||
available in Ardour. Sometimes this is too much: you just want to quickly change
|
||
the routing of a single track input or output, for example. Ardour allows you to
|
||
access a relevant subset of Patchbay connections when you click directly on the
|
||
<strong>Inputs</strong> or <strong>Outputs</strong> button of a track or bus in the mixer strip.</p><p>The <strong>Inputs</strong> button is at the top, and the <strong>Outputs</strong> button is on the bottom
|
||
of the strip. Clicking on either one will show you a menu of connection
|
||
options. In the screenshot below, for example, you would click on the <strong>1/2</strong>
|
||
button right under the track name <em>Guitar 1</em> in order to access this menu:</p><p><img src=en/ardour7-editor-mixer-in-out.png alt="Editor Mixer In Out"></p><p>You may select a connection right there from the menu, or choose <em>Routing Grid</em>
|
||
to see a simpler version of the <em>Audio Connection Manager</em> with only the
|
||
<strong>Inputs</strong> or <strong>Outputs</strong> of the selected track or bus.</p><h3 id=all-ardour-connections-are-jack-connections>All Ardour connections are JACK connections</h3><p>It is important to realize that any routings that you make or disconnect from
|
||
within Ardour are in fact JACK routings, which you can see from other
|
||
applications like <em>Qjackctl</em> or <em>Catia</em>, depending on your operating system.
|
||
Below is an example of a <em>Catia</em> window (Linux only) displaying the same JACK
|
||
connections discussed above:</p><p><img src=en/Ardour4_Catia_Example.png alt=Catia></p><h2 id=continuing>Continuing</h2><p>In this chapter, we covered how to manage routing inside Ardour, or between
|
||
Ardour and the sound card. However, one of the strengths of using the JACK
|
||
system is that it can also manage connections between applications on the same
|
||
computer. To gain a better understanding of how this works, please continue to
|
||
the chapter <em>Routing Between Applications</em>. If you would prefer to work only
|
||
with Ardour, then skip ahead to the section on <em>Arranging Tracks</em>.</p><p>NEXT: <a href=../routing-between-applications>ROUTING BETWEEN APPLICATIONS</a> or
|
||
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