76 lines
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76 lines
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<!doctype html><html lang=en class="js csstransforms3d"><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.95.0"><meta name=description content="What is digital audio?"><link rel=icon href=/ardour-tutorial/images/favicon.png type=image/png><title>What is digital audio? :: Ardour tutorial</title><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/nucleus.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/fontawesome-all.min.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/hybrid.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/featherlight.min.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/perfect-scrollbar.min.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/auto-complete.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/atom-one-dark-reasonable.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/theme.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/tabs.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/hugo-theme.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><link href=/ardour-tutorial/css/theme-blue.css?1647875365 rel=stylesheet><script src=/ardour-tutorial/js/jquery-3.3.1.min.js?1647875365></script><style>:root #header+#content>#left>#rlblock_left{display:none!important}:not(pre)>code+span.copy-to-clipboard{display:none}</style></head><body data-url=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/><nav id=sidebar><div id=header-wrapper><div id=header><a id=logo href=/en><svg id="Layer_1" width="92" height="80" viewBox="0 0 92 80" enable-background="new 0 0 92 80" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs id="defs6"/><path id="path6984" fill="#c61f40" d="M45.586.44-.082 79.558c3.356.0 2.828-2.382 4.417-2.382 1.681.004 1.367 1.19 2.951 1.19.814.0 1.467-.806 1.466-2.804.0-2.664.661-4.017 1.476-4.017s1.476 1.187 1.476 2.372c0 1.492.662 2.678 1.476 2.678.814.0 1.477-2.019 1.477-4.512l-.01-2.857c0-3.447.661-6.24 1.476-6.24s1.477 1.207 1.476 5.112c0 3.104.662 6.198 1.476 6.198s1.478-3.602 1.477-9.382c0-6.68.65-10.996 1.465-10.996s1.477 4.32 1.476 8.582c0 4.977.662 9.878 1.477 9.878s1.477-4.902 1.476-11.701c0-7.302.651-12.609 1.466-12.609.813.0 1.477 5.308 1.476 11.406.0 6.4.661 11.955 1.476 11.955s1.476-5.551 1.476-12.661c0-7.109.651-12.766 1.466-12.766s1.476 5.656 1.476 12.649c0 6.994.662 12.641 1.476 12.641s1.477-5.65 1.477-12.397c0-6.602.65-12.135 1.465-12.135s1.476 5.53 1.476 12.746c0 6.952.663 12.271 1.477 12.271.813.0 1.477-5.318 1.476-11.332.0-5.651.651-10.669 1.465-10.669s1.478 5.027 1.477 11.882c0 6.413.661 11.068 1.476 11.068s1.477-4.657 1.476-9.667c0-4.514.651-8.781 1.466-8.781s1.477 4.265 1.476 10.32c0 5.522.662 9.351 1.476 9.351s1.477-3.825 1.477-7.727c0-3.353.65-6.737 1.465-6.737s1.476 3.382 1.476 8.382c0 4.449.662 7.389 1.477 7.389s1.476-2.586 1.476-5.407c0-2.911.662-5.145 1.476-5.145s1.466 2.501 1.466 6.356c0 3.345.661 5.439 1.476 5.439s1.476-1.732 1.476-3.479c0-1.801.662-3.563 1.477-3.563.813.0 1.465 1.703 1.465 4.459.0 2.317.662 3.668 1.477 3.668s1.477-.941 1.477-2.034c0-1.438.661-2.098 1.476-2.098s1.466.987 1.466 2.814c0 1.44.661 2.192 1.476 2.192 1.539.0 1.331-1.917 2.951-1.929 1.773.0 1.253 2.571 2.941 2.571 1.217.0 2.159-.469 2.952-.474 1.316.0 1.408.928 4.416.928L45.588.44H45.586z" style="fill:#000"/></svg></a></div><div class=searchbox><label for=search-by><i class="fas fa-search"></i></label>
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<script type=text/javascript>var baseurl="https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en"</script><script type=text/javascript src=/ardour-tutorial/js/search.js?1647875365></script></div><section id=homelinks><ul><li><a class=padding href=/en><i class="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a></li></ul></section><div class=highlightable><ul class=topics><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/ title=Introduction class="dd-item
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parent"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/><b>1. </b>Introduction</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/ title=Conventions class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/>Conventions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/ title="What is digital audio?" class="dd-item active"><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/>What is digital audio?</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/ title="Getting started" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/><b>2. </b>Getting started</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-jack/ title="Starting JACK" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-jack/>Starting JACK</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/ title="Starting Ardour" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/>Starting Ardour</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/ title="Overview of the Interface" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/>Overview of the Interface</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/ title="Starting sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/><b>3. </b>Starting sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/starting-a-session/ title="Starting a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/starting-a-session/>Starting a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/setting-up-the-timeline/ title="Setting up the timeline" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/setting-up-the-timeline/>Setting up the timeline</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/creating-a-track-or-bus/ title="Creating a track or a bus" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/creating-a-track-or-bus/>Creating a track or a bus</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/importing-audio/ title="Importing audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/importing-audio/>Importing audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/recording-audio/ title="Recording audio" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/recording-audio/>Recording audio</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/understanding-routing/ title="Understanding routing" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/understanding-routing/>Understanding routing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/routing-between-applications/ title="Routing between applications" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/routing-between-applications/>Routing between applications</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/ title="Editing sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/><b>4. </b>Editing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/ title="Arranging tracks" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/arranging-tracks/>Arranging tracks</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-the-meter/ title="Setting up the meter" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/setting-up-the-meter/>Setting up the meter</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/ title="Using ranges" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/using-ranges/>Using ranges</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/ title="Working with regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/working-with-regions/>Working with regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/ title="Further region operations" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/further-region-operations/>Further region operations</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/ title="Changing edit modes" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/changing-edit-modes/>Changing edit modes</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/ title="Creating looped sections" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/creating-looped-sections/>Creating looped sections</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/ title="Stretching & shrinking regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/stretching-shrinking-regions/>Stretching & shrinking regions</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/ title="Mixing sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/><b>5. </b>Mixing sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/ title="The mixer strip" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/the-mixer-strip/>The mixer strip</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/ title="Mixing levels" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/mixing-levels/>Mixing levels</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/ title=Panning class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/panning/>Panning</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/ title="Using plugins" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-plugins/>Using plugins</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/ title="Using sends" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-sends/>Using sends</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/ title=Dynamics class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/dynamics/>Dynamics</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/ title=Equalizing class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/equalizing/>Equalizing</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/ title="Using automation" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/mixing-sessions/using-automation/>Using automation</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/ title="Exporting sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/><b>6. </b>Exporting sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/ title="Exporting regions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-region/>Exporting regions</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/ title="Exporting a range" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-range/>Exporting a range</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/ title="Exporting a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/exporting-sessions/exporting-a-session/>Exporting a session</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/ title="Saving sessions" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/><b>7. </b>Saving sessions</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/ title="Saving a session" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-session/>Saving a session</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/ title="Saving a snapshot" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-snapshot/>Saving a snapshot</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/ title="Saving a template" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/saving-sessions/saving-a-template/>Saving a template</a></li></ul></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/ title=Appendices class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/><b>8. </b>Appendices</a><ul><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/ title="Further help" class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/further-help/>Further help</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/ title=Glossary class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/glossary/>Glossary</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/ title=Links class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/links/>Links</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/ title=Credits class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/credits/>Credits</a></li><li data-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/ title=License class=dd-item><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/appendices/license/>License</a></li></ul></li></ul><section id=shortcuts><h3>More</h3><ul><li><a class=padding href=https://github.com/brunoruviaro/ardour4-tutorial/><i class="fab fa-fw fa-github"></i> This tutorial on GitHub</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-home"></i> Ardour's homepage</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://manual.ardour.org><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bookmark"></i> User manual</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://discourse.ardour.org/><i class="fas fa-fw fa-users"></i> Forum</a></li><li><a class=padding href=https://prokoudine.github.io/en/ardour-tutorial/appendices/credits><i class="fas fa-fw fa-bullhorn"></i> Credits</a></li></ul></section><section id=prefooter><hr><ul><li><a class=padding><i class="fas fa-language fa-fw"></i><div class=select-style><select id=select-language onchange="location=this.value"><option id=en value=https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/ selected>English</option></select><svg id="Capa_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="255" height="255" viewBox="0 0 255 255" style="enable-background:new 0 0 255 255"><g><g id="arrow-drop-down"><polygon points="0,63.75 127.5,191.25 255,63.75"/></g></g></svg></div></a></li></ul></section><section id=footer><p>Built with <a href=https://github.com/matcornic/hugo-theme-learn><i class="fas fa-heart"></i></a> from <a href=https://getgrav.org>Grav</a> and <a href=https://gohugo.io/>Hugo</a></p></section></div></nav><section id=body><div id=overlay></div><div class="padding highlightable"><div><div id=top-bar><div id=breadcrumbs itemscope 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<span id=toc-menu><i class="fas fa-list-alt"></i></span>
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<span class=links><a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/>Home</a> > <a href=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/>Introduction</a> > What is digital audio?</span></div><div class=progress><div class=wrapper><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#frequency-and-gain>Frequency and Gain</a></li><li><a href=#peaks-and-clipping>Peaks and Clipping</a></li><li><a href=#sample-rate-and-bit-depth>Sample Rate and Bit Depth</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div><div id=head-tags></div><div id=body-inner><h1>What is digital audio?</h1><p><strong>Ardour</strong> is a Digital Audio Workstation (DAW). Beforing using it to record and edit sound, it might be useful to review how digital audio works.</p><p><img src=en/Ardour4_Digital_Audio_1.png alt=analogue-digital></p><div class=mermaid align=center>graph TD;
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A(fa:fa-microphone Analog input) --> B(Analog to digital conversion)
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B --> | digital numeric data, samples | C(Digital system)
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C --> D(Digital to analog conversion)
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D --> E(fa:fa-headphones Analog output)</div><p>The diagram above shows how sound travels to and from your computer. The
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“Analogue to Digital Conversion” (ADC) and the “Digital to Analogue
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Conversion” (DAC) are done by the sound card or audio interface. The “Digital
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System” in this case is your computer running <strong>Ardour.</strong></p><h2 id=frequency-and-gain>Frequency and Gain</h2><p>Imagine a loudspeaker. To move the air in front of it and make sound,
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the membrane of the speaker must vibrate from its center position (at
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rest) backwards and forwards. The number of times the membrane vibrates
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each second determines the <strong>Frequency</strong> (the note, or <em>pitch</em>) of the
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sound you hear. The distance the membrane travels from its resting point
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determines the <strong>Amplitude</strong> (the volume, or <em>loudness</em>) of the sound.
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Normally, we measure Frequency in <strong>Hertz</strong> (Hz) and Amplitude in
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<strong>Decibels</strong> (dB).</p><p><img src=en/Ardour4_Digital_Audio_2.png alt=speaker></p><p>Check out the great animation on this page illustrating this process:</p><div style=position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/RxdFP31QYAg style=position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0 allowfullscreen title="YouTube Video"></iframe></div><p>A microphone works like a loudspeaker in reverse: vibrations in the air
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cause its membrane to vibrate. The microphone turns these acoustic
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vibrations into an electrical current. If you plug this microphone into
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a computer’s sound card and start recording, the sound card makes
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thousands of measurements of this electric current per second and
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records them as numbers. The number of <strong>Samples</strong> (i.e. measurements)
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made per second is called the <strong>Sample Rate</strong>, and the number of
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possible values each Sample can have is called the <strong>Bit Depth</strong>. The
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combination of Sample Rate and Bit Depth indicates how closely the
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digital signal can reproduce the sound it has recorded.</p><h2 id=peaks-and-clipping>Peaks and Clipping</h2><p>When Ardour displays the Samples which have been recorded, they appear
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as the <strong>Waveform</strong> we see below. The center horizontal line indicates
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the membrane of the speaker at rest, and the <strong>Peaks</strong> of the Waveform
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indicate the maximum <strong>Amplitude.</strong></p><p><img src=en/Ardour4_Digital_Audio_Waveform.png alt=waveform></p><p>If we take a Waveform and increase its the Amplitude a lot, some of the Peaks may now fall outside the range that the computer can represent digitally. The computer’s inability to represent Peaks
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outside the range of Amplitude is called <strong>Clipping</strong>, which results in
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a permanent loss of digital information, as well as a change in the
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sound quality which is recognizable as <strong>Distortion</strong>. Ardour marks
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clipped Peaks with the color red, as can be seen in the image below.</p><p><img src=en/Ardour4_Digital_Audio_Clipping2.png alt=clipping></p><p>In the image above, one can also see the <strong>Mixer Strip</strong> on the far left,
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which gives a running measurement of the Peaks, as well as an indication
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at the top of the <strong>Peak Meters</strong> showing the maximum Peak so far. The red number indicates Clipping has occurred.</p><div class="notices tip"><p>Clipping often can happen at the time of recording if you set your microphone levels too high.</p></div><p>The range of decibels between the region’s maximum peak and the clipping
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point is commonly referred to as <strong>Headroom</strong>, and common recording
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practice is to keep approximately three to six Decibels of Headroom
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between the maximum of your signal and the clipping point, with the
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clipping point itself being represented as 0 dB (zero Decibels). In
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other words, an audio region with a comfortable amount of Headroom would
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have its maximum peaks between −6 dB and −3 dB.</p><p>Also, because the Peaks of audio signals add together, care must be
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taken when <strong>Mixing</strong> several sources together to keep the combined
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signals from Clipping.</p><h2 id=sample-rate-and-bit-depth>Sample Rate and Bit Depth</h2><p>To make audio playable on a compact disc, for example, the computer must
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generate 44,100 Samples per second. The Sample Rate determines the
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highest frequency which can be recorded or played back by the computer.
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A sampling rate of 44.1 kHz means that the highest frequency which can
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be represented is just under 22.05 kHz. Since normal human hearing lies
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within the range of approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz, this is commonly
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accepted as a reasonable Sample Rate. Other commonly used Sample Rates
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include 48 kHz (DAT recorders) or 96 kHz (DVD audio).</p><p>Each Sample is recorded as a <strong>16-bit number</strong>. One <strong>Bit</strong> is a piece of
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information which is either 0 or 1. If there are 16 bits together to
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make one sample, then there are 2^16 (65,536) possible values for each
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sample.</p><p>Thus, we can say that CD-quality audio has a Sample Rate of 44.1 kHz and
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a <strong>Bit Depth</strong> of 16 bits. Professional music recordings are usually
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mixed using 24 bits to preserve the highest amount of detail before
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being mixed down to 16 bits for CD. Older computer games have a
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distinctively rough sound, using only 8 bits. By increasing the Sample
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Rate, we are able to record higher sonic frequencies, and by increasing
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the Bit Depth, we are able to use a greater <strong>Dynamic Range</strong> (the
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difference between the quietest and the loudest sounds possible to
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record and play).</p><p>Here is a great video tutorial explaining sampling rate and bit depth in a lot more detail.</p><div style=position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/zC5KFnSUPNo style=position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0 allowfullscreen title="YouTube Video"></iframe></div><footer class=footline></footer></div></div><div id=navigation></div></section><div style=left:-1000px;overflow:scroll;position:absolute;top:-1000px;border:none;box-sizing:content-box;height:200px;margin:0;padding:0;width:200px><div style=border:none;box-sizing:content-box;height:200px;margin:0;padding:0;width:200px></div></div><script src=/ardour-tutorial/js/clipboard.min.js?1647875365></script>
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