<scripttype=text/javascript>varbaseurl="https://prokoudine.github.io/ardour-tutorial/en"</script><scripttype=text/javascriptsrc=/ardour-tutorial/js/search.js?1647908364></script></div><sectionid=homelinks><ul><li><aclass=paddinghref=/ardour-tutorial/en/><iclass="fas fa-home"></i> Home</a></li></ul></section><divclass=highlightable><ulclass=topics><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/title=Introductionclass=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/><b>1. </b>Introduction</a><ul><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/title=Conventionsclass=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/conventions/>Conventions</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/title="What is digital audio?"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/introduction/what-is-digital-audio/>What is digital audio?</a></li></ul></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/title="Getting started"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/><b>2. </b>Getting started</a><ul><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-jack/title="Starting JACK"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-jack/>Starting JACK</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/title="Starting Ardour"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/starting-ardour-on-ubuntu/>Starting Ardour</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/title="Overview of the Interface"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/getting-started/overview-of-the-interface/>Overview of the Interface</a></li></ul></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/title="Starting sessions"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/><b>3. </b>Starting sessions</a><ul><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/starting-a-session/title="Starting a session"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/starting-a-session/>Starting a session</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/setting-up-the-timeline/title="Setting up the timeline"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/setting-up-the-timeline/>Setting up the timeline</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/creating-a-track-or-bus/title="Creating a track or a bus"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/creating-a-track-or-bus/>Creating a track or a bus</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/importing-audio/title="Importing audio"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/importing-audio/>Importing audio</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/recording-audio/title="Recording audio"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/recording-audio/>Recording audio</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/understanding-routing/title="Understanding routing"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/understanding-routing/>Understanding routing</a></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/routing-between-applications/title="Routing between applications"class=dd-item><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/starting-sessions/routing-between-applications/>Routing between applications</a></li></ul></li><lidata-nav-id=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/title="Editing sessions"class="dd-item
<spanclass=links><ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/>Home</a> > <ahref=/ardour-tutorial/en/editing-sessions/>Editing sessions</a> > Working with regions</span></div><divclass=progress><divclass=wrapper><navid=TableOfContents><ul><li><ahref=#selecting-regions>Selecting Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#moving-regions>Moving Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#duplicating-regions>Duplicating Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#using-edit-points>Using Edit Points</a></li><li><ahref=#markers>Markers</a></li><li><ahref=#splitting-regions>Splitting Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#trimming-regions>Trimming Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#deleted-regions>Deleted Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#creating-fades-in-regions>Creating Fades in Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#crossfading-between-two-regions>Crossfading Between Two Regions</a></li><li><ahref=#using-grid-settings>Using Grid Settings</a></li><li><ahref=#continuing>Continuing</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div><divid=head-tags></div><divid=body-inner><h1>Working with regions</h1><p>Sections of audio are called <strong>Regions</strong> in Ardour.</p><p>To compose the short rhythmic passage we’ve been working on, we will need to know how
to <strong>Select</strong>, <strong>Move</strong>, <strong>Split</strong> and <strong>Trim</strong> these Regions, as well
as how to <strong>Fade In</strong> or <strong>Fade Out</strong> their volume and create
<strong>Crossfades</strong> between them. Some of these options may need to happen at
specific <strong>Edit Points</strong> in the composition, or according to the musical
<strong>Meter</strong> we can define with the <strong>Timeline</strong> and the <strong>Grid</strong> as well.</p><h2id=selecting-regions>Selecting Regions</h2><p>The <strong>Grab Mode</strong> (shortcut “<em>G</em>”) is the tool to select and move objects. It is located just below
the Transport Menu in the Editor Window (the little “hand” icon). You
will use this tool a lot in your Ardour work.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Grab_Mode.pngalt="Object Tool"></p><p>When it is active, your mouse pointer will look like a little hand icon.</p><p>Try all of the operations below, for practice:</p><ul><li><p>Click on the Waveform of the region to select it. Click and drag on
a region to move it around (left and right within the same track,
but also up and down onto other tracks).</p></li><li><p>Use “<em>Control</em>” + “<em>Click</em>” to create and drag around a <em>copy</em> of
the region.</p></li><li><p>You can select multiple regions by holding the “<em>Shift</em>” key while clicking on each region you want to select.</p></li><li><p>You can also drag a selection box over multiple Regions to select
them all.</p></li></ul><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Object_Selection.pngalt="object selection"></p><ul><li><p>Move multiple regions at the same time after selecting them.</p></li><li><p>You can select several sequential regions on one track all at once
by holding down the “Shift” key while selecting the first and the
last Regions of the sequence (copy a few regions on the same track
to try this out).</p></li><li><p>When you select a single Region, make sure to click on the Waveform
section of its rectangle. The lower stripe with the Region name is
used for a different action (see <strong>Trimming Regions</strong> below).</p></li><li><p>Use the “Del” key to delete selected regions.</p></li><li><p>Standard copy ("<em>Control</em>" + “<em>C</em>”), cut ("<em>Control</em>" + “X”), and
paste ("<em>Control</em>" + “V”) operations also work with regions.</p></li></ul><h2id=moving-regions>Moving Regions</h2><p>While moving a Region, a <strong>Timecode</strong> will appear on the screen in
yellow numbers. This Timecode is the Region’s starting point on the
<strong>Timeline</strong>. The unit of this timecode is the same as the unit of the
First Clock, which you can change by right-clicking on the Second Clock
and choosing a new unit (Minutes:Seconds, Bar:Beats, etc).</p><p>You can move Regions horizontally (sideways) to a different point in
time on the same Track, or you can move the selected Region vertically
(up or down) to a different Track.</p><p>When a set of one or more Regions is selected, you can move the whole
set by dragging with the mouse.</p><divclass="notices note"><p>Make sure to select the Region in its waveform section, because
selecting the bottom title bar area is used for a different action (see
<strong>Trimming Regions</strong> below).</p></div><h2id=duplicating-regions>Duplicating Regions</h2><p>In addition to “<em>Control</em>” + “<em>Click</em>” + <em>drag</em> and standard copy/paste,
Ardour offers other handy ways to duplicate regions. Use the Grab Mode (Select/Move
Objects) to select one or more Regions, then use the <strong>Duplicate</strong>
function to make one or more copies (menu <em>Regions > Duplicate</em>).
Three options are available:</p><ul><li><strong>Duplicate</strong> (shortcut “<em>Alt</em>” + “<em>D</em>”): make a copy of the
selected region on the same track, immediately after the original.</li><li><strong>Multi-Duplicate</strong> (shortcut “<em>Shift</em>” + “<em>D</em>”): make multiple
copies of the selected region at once (same track, in sequence). You
can specify the number of duplications.</li><li><strong>Fill Track</strong>: make as many copies of the selected region as needed
to fill the entire track, all the way up to the <strong>End</strong> marker on
the timeline.</li></ul><p>In the following screenshot, regions have been duplicated using the
methods above.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Region_Duplicate.pngalt=Duplicate></p><h2id=using-edit-points>Using Edit Points</h2><p>When you use the standard copy/cut/paste commands, where exactly will
the regions be pasted? The exact location is determined by the <strong>Edit
Point</strong> drop-down menu.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Edit_Point_Menu.pngalt="Edit Point"></p><p>If <strong>Mouse</strong> is selected as the Edit Point, the copied Region will be
pasted at the current position of the mouse.</p><p>If <strong>Playhead</strong> is selected as the Edit Point, the copied Region will be
pasted at red Playhead line on the same Track where the original Region
is.</p><p>Finally, if <strong>Marker</strong> is selected as the Edit Point, then the copied
Region will be pasted immediately after the currently selected
<strong>Location Marker</strong>.</p><h2id=markers>Markers</h2><p>It is very useful to be able to tag different locations in a session for
later use when editing and mixing. Ardour supports several ways for
doing this. The most common method is using <strong>Location Markers</strong>, which
define specific positions in time.</p><p>Location Markers can be added to the Timeline by right-clicking on the
Location Markers strip and selecting <strong>Add New Location Marker</strong>. If you
don’t see the Location Markers strip, right-click on the timeline and
select it to make it visible. Location Markers can also be selected with
the mouse and moved to new positions. Right-clicking on a location
marker lets you rename the marker, among other options.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Location_Marker.pngalt="Loc Marker"></p><divclass="notices tip"><p>When you first create a new session, two location markers are
automatically added by default. These are the <strong>start</strong> and <strong>end</strong>
markers that you see in the screenshot above. If you don’t see the
<strong>end</strong> marker, zoom out enough and you will find it.</p></div><h2id=splitting-regions>Splitting Regions</h2><p>To <strong>Split</strong> a Region simply means to divide a single Region into two
independent Regions. There are two ways of accomplishing this:</p><ul><li>You can use the Cut Mode (shortcut <em>“C”</em>) to point and click anywhere you want to split; or</li><li>You can stay in Grab Mode and use the shortcut <em>“S”</em> (for “Split”). In this last case, the point at which a Region will be split depends
on the currently selected Edit Point. If Mouse is selected as your
current Edit Point, select a Region and place the cursor at the point
you would like to Split, then type “<em>S</em>” (same as going to menu <strong>Edit</strong> > <strong>Split Region</strong>).</li></ul><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Split_Region.pngalt=Split></p><p>After being split, the original single Region becomes two independent regions,
with a new name for each, as in the image above. The two new regions are now
entirely independent. You can move and edit them separately.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Split_Region_Moved.pngalt=Split></p><p>Regions can also be split by using the Playhead or a Marker as the Edit
Point.</p><p>Split Regions will receive a name derived from the original name of its parent region, and you will see
this reflected in your regions List. For example, in the image above, you see two regions called pink.15 and pink.16, which means there were split from a parent Region called “pink” (not shown in image).</p><divclass="notices tip"><p>Splitting ranges will follow your Grid settings. For example, if you have an active Grid set for Bars, splits will happen at the bar boundaries. If you choose “No Grid”, splits will happen wherever the Edit point is, regardless of any Grid.</p></div><h2id=trimming-regions>Trimming Regions</h2><p>If you move the cursor near the left or right side edge of a Region, you will see that the pointer becomes an arrow. Click and drag inwards from either end of the Region, and the Region will be shortened
accordingly. This is called <strong>Trimming</strong> the Region. Regions can be
trimmed from the start of the Region (drag from left to right at the
edge) or from the end (drag from right to left).</p><p>This action is non-destructive: no audio is actually being deleted. It
is as if you were just “hiding” those portions of the Region that you
don’t want or don’t need anymore. Later on, you can “un-trim” the Region
(i.e., extend it back to its original full size), even if it has been
moved or copied to a new Track.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Trimming_Regions.gifalt=Trim></p><divclass="notices tip"><p>Like Splitting, Trimming will obey <strong>Grid</strong> settings. If you don’t want your
trimming to be constrained to any grid, simply turn the grid off (<strong>No
Grid</strong>).</p></div><h2id=deleted-regions>Deleted Regions</h2><p>Because Ardour is non-destructive, the Regions you have deleted from
tracks are not completely removed from the Session. They can always be
accessed again from the Region List on the far right side of the Editor
Window (Regions can be dragged from the list onto any tracks).</p><h2id=creating-fades-in-regions>Creating Fades in Regions</h2><p>A <strong>Fade</strong> is a change in the volume of a Region, either as the Region
starts or as it ends. A Fade at the start of the Region is a <strong>Fade
In</strong>, and at the end of a Region it is a <strong>Fade Out</strong>. Each Region has
two small handles along the top corners, which can be dragged inwards
from either edge to create a Fade In or Fade Out. The screenshot below
shows a Fade In (indicated by the shaded area).</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Fades_1.pngalt=Fades1></p><p>In fact, every Region has a Fade In and Fade Out built-in. By default,
the region fade is very short, and serves to avoid clicks in the
transitions at the start and end of the region. By adjusting the regions
fade length as shown above, a more gradual transition can be
accomplished.</p><p>By right-clicking on one of the Fades (the shaded area), the speed
of the Fade can also be adjusted.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Fade_Options.pngalt="Fade Options"></p><h2id=crossfading-between-two-regions>Crossfading Between Two Regions</h2><p>When one Region Fades Out while another Fades In, this is called a
<strong>Crossfade</strong>. If the two Regions are in different Tracks, you can use
the method described above with the Fade In and Fade Out handles. The
following screenshot shows an example.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Crossfade_1.pngalt=Crossfade></p><p>However, if both Regions are in the same Track, you need to overlap them
in order to create a crossfade. When regions overlap on the same track,
Ardour treats them as <em>layers</em>, that is, one of the regions is
considered to be on top of the other. The important rule to understand
is:</p><p><em>The Fade In (or Fade Out) of the topmost region represents the
crossfade between the two regions.</em></p><p>Once you understand this principle, it’s easy to create and control
crossfades between regions. Here’s an example. The two separate regions
seen below will be made to overlap in order to create a crossfade.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Crossfade_2.pngalt=Crossfade2></p><p>Note that we did not add any extra Fade Out to the first region, but we
did add a longer Fade In to the second region. Then we drag the second
region partly on top of the first:</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Crossfade_3.pngalt=Crossfade3></p><p>The Fade In of the second region works now as the crossfade between the
two regions. In other words, the first region will fade out in a mirror
image way as the second region fades in.</p><p>In order for this to work, though, we need to make sure that the region
that has the desired fade is <em>on top</em> in Ardour’s layering system. In
order to change layering of regions, select a region and go to the menu
<em>Region > Layering</em>.</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Crossfade_4.pngalt=Crossfade4></p><p>The difference may be hard to hear if you are doing this with the very
short percussive sounds we imported earlier. To really hear the effect,
import a couple of longer samples to try it out (for example, a sample
of rain sounds, and another of a human voice). Overlap several seconds
of your long samples on the same track. You will hear the difference as
you move the second region to the bottom (“Lower to Bottom”), and then
back to top (“Raise to Top”). When it’s on top, we will hear the desired
crossfade. When it’s at the bottom, we will hear no crossfade, just an
abrupt change from first to second region (assuming your first region
has no Fade Out specified, as in the screenshots above).</p><h2id=using-grid-settings>Using Grid Settings</h2><p>Experiment with the <strong>Grid</strong> setting, as discussed in the <strong>Setting Up
the Timeline</strong> chapter, to give different kinds of <strong>Quantization</strong>—in
other words, to constrain the boundaries of each Region to certain grid
points. Here, the Grid has been activated and set to <strong>Beats/16</strong>, to
quantize the Regions to sixteenth notes within each bar. You may wish to
Trim the endpoints of some of the samples, as discussed above, to fit
within the metric structure you have set up (for example, the hihat
samples in the screen below have been trimmed so that they don’t not
overlap with each other).</p><p><imgsrc=en/Ardour4_Beat.pngalt=Beat></p><h2id=continuing>Continuing</h2><p>In the next chapter, we will explore a few more things you can do with Regions</p><p>Next: <ahref=../further-region-operations>FURTHER REGION OPERATIONS</a></p><footerclass=footline></footer></div></div><divid=navigation></div></section><divstyle=left:-1000px;overflow:scroll;position:absolute;top:-1000px;border:none;box-sizing:content-box;height:200px;margin:0;padding:0;width:200px><divstyle=border:none;box-sizing:content-box;height:200px;margin:0;padding:0;width:200px></div></div><scriptsrc=/ardour-tutorial/js/clipboard.min.js?1647908364></script>
